UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|Material for HCS Examination

Many of you have asked about some of the materials and startegy for the HCS examination as I have UPSC Books this examination in the past.

Here are some basic notes about them. (However, they may not be enough, and one may need to read more in depth).

history of India

Indian Polity

India and World Geography

economy

Science

The basic definition Etc

Computer

Polity NCERT Summary

Apart form the above, the general strategy is -

1. To prelims: CSAT & GS

Focus on CSAT part because it determines. Practice as much as you can as the time factor will UPSC Book Shop your election. Can take the popular books like that of R S Aggarwal for Reasoning

2. To prelims: Haryana GK

Approximately 10% of the questions asked in the prelims, but not in the Mains through 2013 Exam (but they might ask). However, GK from Haryana limited and one can score good grades with little effort. Read Books GK 1-2 Haryana - As Arihant, Upkar etc. In addition to this, reading the local Hindi newspaper, read a summary of this year's budget Haryana and read 5-6 issue Samvaad Haryana (Haryana Reviews in English) Magazine Haryana government for schemes etc

3.1 GS Conventional: For both the prelims and mains

For GS, solve many previous years papers - almost 200-300 multiple choice questions that have been asked in various exams like - SSC, UPSC, NDA, CDS, etc. another country PCS to take practices as well MCQ books from publishers such as Lucent.

Some materials such as base - Khan Academy video-related subjects, NCERTs to subjects (the list can UPSC Books referenced in my other post for UPSC), for the environment - records of several organizations popular, ancient history and the Arts and Culture - 11 NCERT, Polity - M Laxmikant, Geography - 11 and 12 NCERT, Science - NCERTs or booklet y NBT, Economic - a record or book of some popular organizations are preparing for SSC, etc. can be read.

3.2 GS now: For both the prelims and mains

For current affairs, read the Vision IAS or Monthly Current Affair booklet popular institution other than the last few months - Say January 2018, they are available online PDF. Do not waste too much energy on current affairs because they usually ask for 10-15% of it and things are often very basic and factual.

4. To Parent: Hindi

If you do not write long Hindi, please start reading good Vyaakran (grammar). Read previous years holding papers to understand the types of questions they ask, and prepare accordingly. Because the language is not learned in a day, exercise will help. Daily half hour of reading plus practice can be of much help as Hindi had a sign on the final score.

5. To Parent: English

The same thing applies to the English language as well. Start with a good grammer and read 2-3 pages of daily and practical examples. Also write down 5-10 everyday UPSC Book Shop of the word to build your vocabulary as questions on antonyms, synonyms, etc. are required in both vocabulary bhakti Parent and aid in reading comprehension passages as well as in the essay.

6. To Parent: optionals

Taking those optionals where you feel comfortable in. History, Geography, Sociology, Public Administration are some optionals easier if you do not have the preparation before two optionals.

7. To Parent: Essay

For the essay, you can count on your GS preparation as general topics easy or difficult. If you do not have a very high confidence, you can read a popular book as published by UPSC Books essays and also can practice writing a few essays.

Read the papers all last year to get an idea about the kind of questions that HPSC asked. Some of them are available on the website of HPSC well.

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|UPSC Civil Services Mains Sociology Paper and Essential Sociology

We thank you very much for the incredible response to the book. And testimony to that is that the book has been out of stock within a few months of release. However, this UPSC Books is reprinted and will soon be available.

Another point of pride for us is that, almost all the questions Sociology Parent Paper in 2017 came from this book and turns the book passed the first test of UPSC after publication.

For example, questions such as - the idea Yogendra Singh of Modernization of Tradition, the idea of ​​Gandhi and Ambedkar, caste, various theories of social change, cultural and structural views of caste and changes in caste, New Social Movements, the development of related imbalances (development and dependence), the cause of the sex ratio low in developing countries, Islam in India, the difference between the family and household, differences in kinship and family in North and South India, caste is dominant, ethnic and religious (or tribe and caste and changes in ethnic identity), Marxist Historical Materialism as a critique of Hegel's idealism and so on - which explains very clearly in this book. These are some questions that should be frequently examined from various sources or very rarely found in standard text books for an UPSC Book Shop satisfactory to them. Apart from them, all the conventional questions asked in 2017 the Master Exam is in this book.

We are very pleased that the book should prove to be very useful for all of the test and we also hope that it will continue to be useful in the future as well.

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|Essay Paper Tips

 

I never prepared separately for the essay because if you are experienced with GS syllabus you, then you can easily try out an essay on any topic.

However, your essay should be well structured (in terms of introduction, conclusion, UPSC Book Shop school of thought, exploration dimensions and original thinking).

Furthermore, it is estimated that the essay examined by people from literature background, UPSC Book Shop the grammar and language is also important bit.

Finally, because most people choose the same topic for the essay (and perhaps even write the same thing), you may need to differentiate your essay and make it interesting. You UPSC Books do this with the help of relevant quotes, facts and figures appropriate, some anecdotes, diagrams and illustrations and so on. There are no fixed rules UPSC essay writing. Try to be as innovative as possible.

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|Reading newspapers and Making Current Notes

 

Civil Service paper has two broad areas - the static and dynamic (mainly related to current events).

When you read a newspaper, always keep UPSC Books mind that - GS paper on 'Common Knowledge', which is something that people either read mature should know. So, my suggestion is that - while you have to read the paper thoroughly and try to understand the issues and concepts in hand, never made a thorough research because it may be very time consuming and may not be significant from the standpoint of the exam.

Secondly, the question may arise - which newspaper (s) and magazines? How many newspapers should I read? I suggest that you choose only one of your newspaper has a limited number of hours in your day, and all the papers cover the story more or less equal (especially significant). Hindu and Indian Express are UPSC Book Shop good newspapers mainly because they are limited and concise in their content and do not have many distractions and news 'extras' such as in the case styled tabloid newspapers such as ToI and HT. My favorite is The Indian Express as content wise it is generally richer than The Hindu (It carries the Op-Ed page also read separately from the page called 'I.E. Explained' which includes important contemporary issues in depth). Also try to read the comments daily readers. They often provide interesting insights and provide an alternative perspective of the author of the column. You can also begin to think critically and be able to post comments occasionally. It could be some sort of answer to your writing practice (and because in this case you will be read by millions of other readers, you will automatically be more careful in writing your thoughts :)).

Thirdly, the question may arise - What to read in the newspaper (s) and magazines? To get an idea, read a paper in the last question again and again to get into the soul of the paper setter. You will slowly realize that things are often conceptual requested and you need to learn the basic facts only. Furthermore, you will also realize that the development of critical thinking is an integral part of writing the answers. So whenever you read, give critical thought to the item you are reading.

Fourthly, I would also suggest that you also try to look for problems in the Internet or Wikipedia. Often, there is a Wiki page on all the major issues (you will find wiki pages UPSC Books ny topic that might be - say, for example, try searching for Indo-China relations), which provides the background, causes, consequences and so forth of a particular event.

Finally, never store the pieces of newspaper or magazine (and the same, save raw articles from the Internet) as over time they become so big that you will not be able to even skim through them during the examination. make your own notes topic wise and try to find every dimension of it (background, players involved, significance for India / community / world, the future possibilities and so on). Thus, you would rather write a comprehensive answer on a particular topic and you'll save time on a separate answer written exercises.

Here are some of my notes on current events and other topics -

event Notes

International organizations and events Notes (Static Part)

These notes will give you an idea that you have organized your notes so you do not need to save the UPSC Book Shop article many times. You might just make a new addition to the topics that were discussed in the note.

Leave a comment if you see some differences in this record or have some suggestions or queries.

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|My note to the Civil Service GS Papers

 

Here are some of my notes -

1. Culture

2. History of Modern India

3. India After Independence

4. Geography

5. World History

6. Environment and Ecology

7. Economy

8. Science and Technology & Internal Security

9. Some of the topics the paper 3

Ethics 10. - I've read too much on this paper. I called simply a book of case studies by Donald Menzel. Regardless of the definition, etc. appear in this book, I try to cover them. I UPSC Book Shop referred to other sources (including various schools of philosophy) for my paper is about logical thinking and approach to solving than you know some of the theoretical framework issues. Just think on your own feet in this paper.

11. Polity - For that, Laxmikant more than enough. Apart from that, reading the paper and note down the current developments. Last year papers can also help.

I hope they will help.

They also included a tentative study plans and strategies for these topics at the beginning of the record.

If you see the difference, UPSC Book Shop have some suggestions or feedback, please leave a comment here.

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|Suggested Book List for UPSC Civil Services Exam (Pre and Mains)

If you are an absolute beginner, you can refer to the following booklist and material UPSC Books (for both pre and electricity because I think the preparation of these two are inseparable) -

1. Indian Polity - by M Laxmikanth, Tata McGraw Hill Publications

2. Geography - NCERT Old 11 and grade 12 (photocopies available in bookshops in Delhi and other places in other cities in the preparation of popular destinations, etc.). Also available on the internet, search in google. You can also go through the new NCERTs to 11 and 12, they are also good.

3. History - Bipan Chandra, "History of Modern India" Orient Black Swan Publications

4. "Indian Culture and Heritage" - National Institute of Open School. Also available on the internet at NIOS website, search on google. Also referring to the Arts & Culture: NCERT Class XI - An Introduction to Indian Art; Art and culture

5. Economy - Ramesh Singh, Tata McGraw Hill Publication or other standard books like Dutt and Sundaram publication S Chand.

6. Environment and Ecology - every popular coaching institute notes - (photocopies available in bookshops in Delhi and other places in other cities in the preparation of popular destinations, etc.)

7. Science and Technology - every popular coaching institute notes - (photocopies available in bookshops in Delhi and other places in other cities in the preparation of popular destinations, etc.)

8. Magazine - Frontline (if you have time, others skip it)

9. Newspaper - The Hindu or Indian Express (only read one, it would be enough)

10. World History - History of Old NCERT Books 9 and class 10, new NCERTs more illustrative and colorful, you can go through them as well. (For Parent paper only)

11. Ethics Paper - try to take from newspapers, books etc. The examples of business ethics etc. Try to think for themselves. It is more than a paper that reasoning and rational argument. Do not read too much material, just practicing several case studies. Using your original thoughts.

12. India - A yearbook published by the Publications Division of the Government of India for an overview of the government's scheme and the Indian government work

13. CSAT - Take note of any popular institution or some standard books on reasoning and talent.

14. India After Independence - Bipan Chandra, Penguin Publication (for post--independence history, for Parent paper only)

15. The last year solved papers of both GS Start and Parent. Read it again and again so that you have an idea of ​​the type of questions they ask.

16. download syllabus both pre and power and read it many times so that every time you read a newspaper, you know what to read and what should be left out. Never read a few books on the same subject, but reading a single book or UPSC Book Shop several times. Materials with only so much you need only that it is managed at the time of the exam.

It is suggested that the books and restricted material is refereed to as the exam is not just about UPSC Books so many books, but about managing what you have read. It is not so important that how many books on the topic you read, but how well you read it.

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|UPSC Civil Services Interview

 

My interview at the morning session on the very second day interview on March 9, 2016 and my UPSC Book Shop is of Shri D K Diwan no female members in the council.

Since I've been in service (IRS) and the interview is from the beginning, I used to get a little time for preparation. However, whatever little time I have, I try to fully take advantage of it because I always feel that there is no substitute for 'were well prepared and well informed'. I have brushed up current events and even my notes from the Master exam. I cover all areas of my DAF comprehensive, especially the hobby. It gives me the confidence that only a sound preparation can provide. To improve some aspects of UPSC Books , I received some ridicule with my colleagues.

Another thing that I feel in my previous interviews and also from the experience of the successful candidate interview is that apart from having the knowledge - the proper attitude, behavior and outlook is also necessary for a good interview. So, I worked a little bit on that as well. I am trying to improve the delivery of my answer, adopt a cheerful attitude and softened my tone a little. I tried to look confident during my interview and also try to balance all my answers. I tried to be a patient listener and it avoided unnecessary repetition of questions by board members.

I was the first candidate to go and not very nervous because I had to wait just a little a. I became comfortable after the interview began and is able to handle all questions well. I have a few hobbies and interests (cartoon, yoga) are attractive and have a bit more prepared these areas. However, not even one question was asked (not like the two last interview), so I was a bit disappointed.

There are also some unique points about my interview. First of all, when I entered the room, tucked seat actually in the table (it never happened in the beginning of two interviews and in one of them I was the first candidate as well). Because I faced the Chairman with a military background, some temperament (and their compliance) is expected as well. My seat was handled very carefully and tucked it back in its original place when the interview has more. Second, other unusual question - and one of the first questions the interview - is a situational questions where the Chairman asked me to deliver a speech a few minutes vouching case for permanent membership for India in the UNGA (assuming himself as a messenger of India there). I think I managed it well. I stood on my chair and I delivered a speech right with sufficient loudness and passion in my voice.

Some questions were asked about my previous job as Tehsildar in Haryana and I answered them pretty well because I have been preparing the area was quite good and it was further fueled my confidence.

I am also still a bit to come, directly and vocals in my opinion on certain issues. On the issue of Jat reservation (being Jat itself) and the failure of the state administration and in dealing with it, I was quite outspoken and may be appreciated by the Board and the Chairman. I think a balanced approach is one thing, but when you are asked to take a stand and in a situation like that, one should not shy away from taking the right stand.

It is my full interview transcript -

Date of Interview - March 9, 2016, in the morning (the 2nd day of the interview).

That Board Shri D K Council and I was the first to enter. It lasts about 35-40 minutes

I hope the members of the morning and asked to sit down. Chairman tucked inside the table UPSC Book Shop I had to pull it out. It was a heavy wooden chair and when I tried to lift it, hitting the table above.

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|Sociology Optional Preparation Guide

 

Many of you asked about my approach to my optional subject sociology. So, I wrote this post. This optional relatively easy. Most of us are generally familiar UPSC Books the topics that are part of the syllabus (except for the thinker), so it is likely that it is familiar to every candidate.

However, due to this fact, some aspirants become complacent and take for granted many topics. So, you should try to read it thoroughly and should never neglect the core concepts (for example, while studying caste -. You should not ignore the very definition of basic and perspective on the caste you have UPSC Book Shop ask yourself - What caste How it has changed historically ?? What lay beneath a theoretical framework? Is it acceptable framework for the various social thinkers? If not, how and why?)

I am writing this post to consider two ways to prepare sociology - one approach is that you use the book Essentials of Sociology us (me edit this post and include mention of our books after a lot of you are asking this question that 'if the book is just a whim enough for optional?') as a basic reference and the other approach is one where you do not use is an important source of Sociology.

1. In the first approach, many of you asked what else should you read apart from our crucial Sociology books. To answer that - we have covered more than enough in our book and we're pretty sure that the book can handle all possible questions in the exam. But at the same time, it is also recommended UPSC Books one should read the maximum and from a variety of sources to have a deeper clarity of the topic. For this reason, if a person has enough time before the plan to write Mains exam, following other sources, in addition to critical sociology, can also be called:

1. New NCERTs class 11/12: They are very clear and very basic materials and suitable for absolute beginners. They also brought examples from everyday life (many of which were very recently too), then, they give a good start. In my opinion, the newly designed NCERTs better than older ones. They have less factual errors and have a better flow. Try to read it again and again during various stages of preparation of your optional. (Old NCERTs more suitable for the older syllabus and therefore may not be useful, but if you have a hell of a lot of time, you may read it as well).

2. by Penguin Dictionary of Sociology good or Sage publications (some pirated soft copies are available online that candidates can search / download at their own risk as I personally do not recommend this route). Read one of the Sociology dictionaries cover to cover that every page. Dictionary help because they provide the fundamental definition of syllabus topics. They also carry a reference to the works of important social thinker that can be used as examples in the exam. Both dictionaries are relatively modest in the language of the Oxford. One can read the dictionary as a whole from first to last page, and note down the terms and topics are both part of the syllabus (directly or indirectly) or have appeared in UPSC Book Shop exam in previous years. Some references to case studies can also be found there in this dictionary.

3. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives (Haralambos an Holborn) (Blue Cover) - This is a book that is very useful and comprehensive for paper 1. But it is about the weight of one with over 1000 pages. However, it is one that is very updated and covers almost all aspects of the syllabus. The following topics: Basics of theoretical perspective, Aging, Methods, Stratification and Inequality, Gender, Poverty and Exclusion, Religion, Family, Power and Politics, Education, etc. are covered very well. If you have the patience also read, it is a very useful book. If you do not read Giddens, you may read this one. Either will do.

4. Newspapers and other sources and selective GS noted down of events related to Sociology. For example, the latest data on Cens

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|UPSC Civil Services Mains GS Paper-3

GS PAPER – 3

state usually shifted from agriculture to industry and then to the service, but the Indian move directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge UPSC Book Shop of service vis-a-vis the domestic industry? India can become a developed country without a strong industrial base?

There are various reasons for the huge growth in India's service -

A. First of all, the growth of the industry requires huge capital investments that did not exist when India became independent

b. Secondly, there are also historical factors. British authorities never allowed the growth of industry in India as it was against the interests of the empire and export policies

c. Third, great emphasis is placed in Indian culture in obtaining softer skills of life such as education that is more conducive to the growth of the service

d. After independence, India has also grown under a very strict regime and there is technology transfer neglected by force and then as United States etc.

e. Finally, India also made significant progress in areas such as IT, BPO etc. start later become a large component of Industry service

However, industrial growth is essential for India to become a developed country -

A. First of all, the growth of this industry is required to absorb surplus labor from the agricultural sector which has become overcrowded

b. This industry growth is also necessary to cut reliance on key strategic areas such as heavy machinery

c. Industrial growth is also necessary to bridge India's trade deficit from widening by the day

d. Finally, the growth is also UPSC Books from a security standpoint and alone provide for the domestic production of defense equipment currently the majority of which is imported by India.

The Indian government is also likely to be identified this problem and has launched the 2011 National Manufacturing Policy that aims to increase the share of manufacturing from the existing 16% to 25%.

While we find the demographic bonus India, we ignore the level of employment dropped. What we lost when doing so? Where the work was India desperately needs to come? Explain.

A decade back NASSCOM-McKinsey survey highlights that only 25% of Indian engineers employed and the situation is even worse now because of the following reasons -

A. First of all, education in India was broken because it has a limited industrial orientation.

b. Secondly, as per the Yashpal Committee on higher education, universities mushroomed considered to have led to the degradation of higher education because many of them are not on par with accepted standards

c. Thirdly, there is a skills development program which is run by the government limited

d. Fourth, the limited scope of industrial internship

To remedy this situation, the following steps can be taken to create jobs -

A. National Skills Development Corporation's mandate needs to be expanded to include more people in skills development program

b. Secondly, The Apprenticeship Act should be amended to enable students from the humanities and even the flow of non-engineered to get an internship in the industry as an engineer currently only allowed to undergo an internship program industry

c. Third, the quality of education needs to be improved and entrepreneurship cell developed at universities

There is also a viewing angle of Agriculture Produce Market Committees (APMCs) was formed under the state act not only inhibits the development of UPSC Books but also has become a cause of food inflation in India. Critical check.

(I have been mostly negative reading of APMCs in various articles, etc., so that their positive achievements do not come to my mind at that time that could be balanced answer)

APMCs has works by most of the monopoly and has hampered agricultural growth in the following ways -

A. First of all, 80% of agricultural products are marketed and distributed through this has led to their virtual monopoly and that inefficiencie

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|UPSC Civil Services Mains Paper GS-1

 

GS PAPER - 1

To what extent do urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provide input to the present day urbanization? Discuss.

Indus valley civilization is the civilization advance urban and town planning and culture have UPSC Book Shop following elements that provide input for the modern urbanization of the day -

A. wide roads for easy replacement as modern cities

b. streets intersecting rectangles to turn better and planning

c. closed drainage, which is also the hallmark of modern sanitation.

d. there are also double storey buildings similar to the modern urban buildings where space is at a premium

e. The bathroom was also built inside the house and connected to the drains unlike previous public bath system. Modern day bathroom home also has an inbuilt.

f. Warehouse - large barn - like a modern urban warehouses for grain storage for contingency

Therefore, many of the features of the Indus Valley was adopted in the modern urban settlements.

Gandhara sculpture owes much to the Romans to the Greeks. Explain.

Kushan kings have UPSC Books descent and have a significant effect on their art as well as to maintain good relations with Kanishka Greeko-Roman rulers. The following features borrowed from two schools -

A. The face of Buddha depicted as a Greek god Apllonius

b. curtains Buddha is similar to the Roman toga

c. Buddha wavy hair like a Roman statue

d. Buddha's body is made with a masculine way similar to the Greek gods

e. Many artists were taken from both Greece and Rome

Therefore, Gandhara sculpture is a mixture of the two traditions.

Taxila university is one of the oldest universities in the world with the associated figures famous study different disciplines. Its strategic location led to fame for growing, but not as Nalanda, was not considered a university in the modern sense. Discuss.

(I do not have a good idea of ​​Taxila and therefore, instead of writing about the features of Taxila inconsistent modern university that I focus on the features that make it the university of Nalanda modern)

Although Taxila is located in a strategic location and for this reason, he also gained fame as well, but Nalanda has features that make the modern university's first truly global of the world follows -

A. First of all, as a modern university that has a large campus and more than 3000 students study there

b. Second, promoted interdisciplinary studies such as the modern university and all three schools of Buddhism, namely - Thervada, Mahavana and Vajrayana taught here. Furthermore, another philosophical tradition also taught here.

c. Third, scholars from far and wide used to come here - from Sri Lanka, Malya, China etc. Hein Tsang and I-Tsing are some examples recorded

d. Fourth, the university also actively promoted the humanities disciplines and Nalanda School of Art is renowned school that was developed here.

Therefore, Nalanda is a true modern university, while Taxila has a more conservative because of that fail to qualify as a university in the modern sense.

Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why are so many royal-shaking battle fought at Panipat?

Apart from the third battle of Panipat (1761), the other kingdoms tremble battles such as the First Battle (1526), ​​the Second Battle (1556) and many others are also struggling here for the following reasons -

A. First of all, it has a strategic location and the last frontier before anyone could claim the throne of Delhi and hence of India.

b. Second, all of the main attackers from outside - Afghanistan, Mongols, Turks, etc. used to come from the central Asia and Panipat is the meeting point of the Indian army and foreign invaders.

c. Third, Panipat has a significant psychological advantage for the attackers. After it won, it was a great moral b

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UPSC Books| UPSC Book Shop|UPSC Civil Services Mains GS Paper-1

GS PAPER - 1

              To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided UPSC Books to the present day urbanization? Discuss.

Indus valley civilization was an advance urban civilization and its urban planning and culture has following elements which provided inputs to modern day urbanization –

a.       Wide roads for easy commutation like modern cities

b.      Rectangular intersecting streets for better commutation and planning

c.       Covered drainage, which is also a hallmark of modern sanitation systems.

d.      Double storied buildings were also there which is similar to modern urban buildings where space is at a premium

e.      Bathrooms were also built insides homes and were connected to drains unlike earlier community bathing systems. Modern day houses also have inbuilt bathrooms.

f.        Warehouses – UPSC Books granaries – like modern urban godowns for storage of grains for contingency

Hence, many features of the Indus Valley were adopted by the modern day urban settlements.

Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain.

Kushan kings had Greeko-Roman lineage and it had a significant influence on their art also as Kanishka maintained good relations with Greeko-Roman rulers. Following features were borrowed from the two schools –

a.       Buddha’s face was depicted as Greek god Apllonius

b.      Buddha’s drapery was similar to the Roman toga

c.       Hairs of Buddha were wavy like Roman sculptures

d.      Buddha’s body was made in a masculine manner similar to Greek gods

e.      Many artists were brought from both Greece and Rome

Hence, Gandhara sculpture was a mix of the two traditions.

Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the world with which were associated a number of renowned learned personalities of different disciplines. Its strategic location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss.

(I didn’t have a great idea of Taxila and hence, instead of writing about those features of Taxila which were not in line of modern universities I focused on those features of Nalanda which made it a modern university)

Though Taxila was on a strategic location and for this reason, it also gained fame as well, but Nalanda had following features which made it the first truly global modern university of the world –

a.       First of all, like modern universities it had a big campus and more than 3000 students studied there

b.      Secondly, it promoted inter-disciplinary study like modern universities and all the three streams of Buddhism viz – Thervada, Mahavana and Vajrayana were taught here. Further, other philosophical traditions were also taught here.

c.       Thirdly, scholars from far and wide used to come here – from Sri Lanka, Malya, China etc. Hein Tsang and I-Tsing are some noted examples

d.      Fourthly, the university also promoted humanities disciplines actively and Nalanda school of Art was the famous school that developed around here.

Hence, Nalanda was a true modern university, while Taxila had a more conservative outlook due to which it fails to qualify as a university in modern sense.

The third battle of UPSC Book Shop fought in 1761. Why were so many empire-shaking battles fought at Panipat?

Apart from the third battle UPSC Book Shop Panipat (1761), other empire shaking battles like First Battle (1526), Second Battle (1556) and many other were also fought here for the following reasons –

a.       First of all, It had a strategic location and was the last frontier before one could claim the throne of Delhi and hence of India.

b.      Secondly, all the major attackers from outside – Afghan, Mongols, Turks etc used to come from the central Asian route and Panipat was the meeting point of Indian forces and foreign invaders.

c.       Thirdly, Panipat had a significant of psychological gains for the attackers. Once, it was won, it was a big moral booster.

d.      Finally, Panipat was also a geographically conducive location. In North, Himalayas guarded India, In West, deserts of Rajasthan discouraged invaders and Arab Sea was also not a route of choice. Due to these reasons, the forces used to converge at this point. (I drew a map also showing this)

Hence, due to strategic, geographic and political reasons, so many empire shaking battles took place here.

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